What does "net operating loss" (NOL) mean for a corporation?

A net operating loss (NOL) for a corporation occurs when its allowable tax deductions surpass its taxable income for a given tax year. This situation typically arises when a corporation experiences significant expenses, such as operational costs, depreciation, or other deductions, that outstrip its revenue. When a corporation has an NOL, it can carry this loss back to offset taxable income in previous years or carry it forward to reduce taxable income in future years. This mechanism is crucial as it helps stabilize a corporation's tax liability over time, allowing it to manage fluctuations in income due to varying business conditions.

In contrast, situations described in the other options do not accurately reflect the definition of an NOL. For example, a situation where profits exceed expenses is considered profitable and not an NOL. Similarly, losses from stock market investments or from asset liquidation do not relate to operating losses in the context of how corporations report their income and deductions for tax purposes. These elements highlight the specific nature of an NOL, which focuses on the balance between expenses and taxable income.